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Diabetic polyneuropathy and risk of developing diabetic retinopathy

1 February 2016 | | Retina / Uvea / Vitreous | diabetic polyneuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, population-based studies
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy are widely classified as microvascular complications of diabetes. DPN, which may cause complete sensation loss, is another common complication of DM. The DPN-related diminished sensation presents a significant risk factor for...

Headaches in ophthalmology (part 2)

1 December 2018 | | Ophthalmology, Neuro-Ophthalmology
Ophthalmologists see a large number of patients with headaches or facial pain in the ophthalmic outpatient clinics or in emergency clinics. Over two articles, I will discuss several causes of headaches, ocular manifestations and proposed management and referral options. It...

Prevalence of acute anterior uveitis in diabetic patients attending diabetic eye disease clinics

5 April 2022 | | Ophthalmology, Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
The authors share their investigation at Manchester Royal Eye Hospital into the association between diabetes and AAU. The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly rising from an estimated 9.3% in 2019 to 10.2% by 2030 [1]. The link...

A new observation point: updating the nomenclature and classification with OCT

3 June 2021 | | Ophthalmology, Optometry, Imaging, Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
The evolution of ophthalmic imaging technologies has been particularly rapid over the last few years. The author provides an update of the current terms for common signs and pathologies observed using optical coherence tomography. My experience as an ophthalmic technician,...

A career in uveitis

7 December 2020 | | Ophthalmology, Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
As he retires from clinical practice, the author looks back on his long career in uveitis and how care of these patients has changed dramatically since his days as an undergraduate. My trainees and fellows are often bored by my...

The assessment of pupils and 
pupillary reactions

1 October 2015 | | Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
Understanding pupillary reactions is vital in understanding basic neuro-opthalmology. It is a skill required in eye casualty, clinics and perhaps most importantly, exams. To start at the beginning, the pupil is the central aperture of the iris, its size controlling...

Typical and atypical optic neuritis – diagnosis and initial management

1 June 2016 | | Neuro-Ophthalmology
Optic neuritis is a relatively common presentation to ophthalmologists in the acute setting. The vast majority are cases of ‘typical’ optic neuritis (ON) but a smaller group of conditions, so-called, ‘atypical’ optic neuritides require a different work-up and management strategy....

How to pass the Refraction Certificate

1 August 2019 | | Ophthalmology, Optometry, Cataract and Refractive
Unfortunately, I had the pleasure of getting to know this exam intimately. With adequate preparation this does not have to be the case for most people. The exam has recently changed to consist of 10 OSCE style stations (previously 12)....

Cutting-edge practice in glaucoma care: what, how and why?

1 April 2016 | | Glaucoma
More effective treatments and drug delivery modalities, implantable minimally invasive glaucoma surgical (MIGS) devices, as well as accelerating clinical research programmes, will transform the surgical and clinical management of glaucoma in the near future. There is also an ever-greater emphasis...

Resurfacing the ocular surface

1 April 2016 | | Cornea / External Eye Disease
The ocular surface (OS) is an anatomical and functional unit made of the tear film, the conjunctival, limbal and corneal epithelium, the lacrimal, mucous and meibomian glands and the lids and blink reflex. The tear film is composed of a...

“We try our best”, but we should still be open and transparent

1 February 2018 | | Ophthalmology
In a recent discussion with colleagues, someone recognised that many, when asked what they do, say, “I am a doctor”. Rather than “I work as a doctor”. This sense of belonging, pride and duty comes with responsibility. Becoming a surgeon,...

The most frequent complaints and claims in ophthalmology – a Medical Protection Society (MPS) analysis

4 December 2018 | | Optometry, Cataract and Refractive, Glaucoma
The authors look at the reasons behind medico-legal cases reported to MPS and share key learning points. Complications following ophthalmology surgery are rare, however, medico-legal cases are not uncommon due to the significant impact they can have on patients’ lifestyles....